San Marino’s Unique Leadership: Captains Regent Since 2000

Here is a full list of San Marino’s Captains Regent from the year 2000 onward:

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Year	Semester	Captain Regent One	Captain Regent Two
2000	April	Maria Domenica Michelotti	Gian Marco Marcucci
	October	Gianfranco Terenzi	Enzo Colombini
2001	April	Luigi Lonfernini	Fabio Berardi
	October	Alberto Cecchetti	Gino Giovagnoli
2002	April	Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari	Giovanni Francesco Ugolini
	October	Mauro Chiaruzzi	Giuseppe Maria Morganti
2003	April	Pier Marino Menicucci	Giovanni Giannoni
	October	Giovanni Lonfernini	Valeria Ciavatta
2004	April	Paolo Bollini	Marino Riccardi
	October	Giuseppe Arzilli	Roberto Raschi
2005	April	Fausta Morganti	Cesare Gasperoni
	October	Claudio Muccioli	Antonello Bacciocchi
2006	April	Gianfranco Terenzi	Loris Francini
	October	Antonio Carattoni	Roberto Giorgetti
2007	April	Alessandro Mancini	Alessandro Rossi
	October	Mirko Tomassoni	Alberto Selva
2008	April	Rosa Zafferani	Federico Pedini Amati
	October	Ernesto Benedettini	Assunta Meloni
2009	April	Oscar Mina	Massimo Cenci
	October	Stefano Palmieri	Francesco Mussoni
2010	April	Marco Conti	Glauco Sansovini
	October	Giovanni Francesco Ugolini	Andrea Zafferani
2011	April	Maria Luisa Berti	Filippo Tamagnini
	October	Gabriele Gatti	Matteo Fiorini
2012	April	Italo Righi	Maurizio Rattini
	October	Teodoro Lonfernini	Denise Bronzetti
2013	April	Antonella Mularoni	Denis Amici
	October	Gian Carlo Capicchioni	Anna Maria Muccioli
2014	April	Valeria Ciavatta	Luca Beccari
	October	Gianfranco Terenzi	Guerrino Zanotti
2015	April	Andrea Belluzzi	Roberto Venturini
	October	Lorella Stefanelli	Nicola Renzi
2016	April	Massimo Andrea Ugolini	Gian Nicola Berti
	October	Marino Riccardi	Fabio Berardi
2017	April	Mimma Zavoli	Vanessa D’Ambrosio
	October	Enrico Carattoni	Matteo Fiorini
2018	April	Stefano Palmieri	Matteo Ciacci
	October	Mirko Tomassoni	Luca Santolini
2019	April	Nicola Selva	Michele Muratori
	October	Luca Boschi	Mariella Mularoni
2020	April	Alessandro Mancini	Grazia Zafferani
	October	Alessandro Cardelli	Mirko Dolcini
2021	April	Gian Carlo Venturini	Marco Nicolini
	October	Francesco Mussoni	Giacomo Simoncini
2022	April	Oscar Mina	Paolo Rondelli
	October	Maria Luisa Berti	Manuel Ciavatta
2023	April	Alessandro Scarano	Adele Tonnini
	October	Filippo Tamagnini	Gaetano Troina
2024	April	Alessandro Rossi	Milena Gasperoni

San Marino’s Captains Regent in 2023

In 2023, San Marino had two sets of Captains Regent, as their terms last only six months. The Captains Regent are the leaders of this small country.

Every six months, San Marino’s parliament, called the Grand and General Council, chooses two new Captains Regent. This tradition goes back to the 13th century.

From January to April 2023, Maria Luisa Berti and Manuel Ciavatta served as Captains Regent. Their term ended on April 1, 2023.

Maria Luisa Berti is a notable female leader in San Marino, a country with a proud history of women in this role. Manuel Ciavatta has been active in San Marino’s politics for many years.

New Captains Regent are sworn in on April 1 and October 1 each year during a special ceremony. This event includes raising the national flag and a church service at the Basilica of San Marino.

After Berti and Ciavatta, Alessandro Scarano and Adele Tonnini became Captains Regent from April 1 to October 1, 2023.

Alessandro Scarano hails from Borgo Maggiore, while Adele Tonnini was born in the City of San Marino. Tonnini is known for her work on environmental issues and has represented San Marino at the World Food Programme.

On October 1, 2023, Filippo Tamagnini and Gaetano Troina took over as Captains Regent. This change reflects San Marino’s democratic system, where leadership rotates regularly.

San Marino’s Captains Regent in 2024

In 2024, Alessandro Rossi and Milena Gasperoni were elected as San Marino’s Captains Regent. They have been leading the country since April 1, 2024, and their term ends on September 30, 2024.

As mentioned, the Grand and General Council elects two Captains Regent every six months to lead San Marino.

They are often chosen from different political parties to ensure balance in leadership. After their term, they must wait three years before serving again.

Rossi and Gasperoni were sworn in on April 1, 2024, in a traditional ceremony. It started with a flag-raising event in Piazza della Libertà and a salute from San Marino’s armed forces.

Next, they attended a special Mass at the Basilica of San Marino, led by the local bishop. Afterward, they took their oath of office at the Palazzo Pubblico.

During the ceremony, the outgoing Captains Regent passed on the collar of the Order of San Marino. The event ended with the national anthem and the departure of the previous leaders.

San Marino’s tradition of having two leaders began around 1243, inspired by ancient Rome’s consuls. Over time, the titles evolved to Captains Regent.

Historically, one leader was often from the upper class and the other from the working class. Since 1972, women have been able to serve, and 18 women have held the role, making San Marino a global leader in female heads of state.